academic-writing-进阶

1. Reduce Wordiness

  • Eliminate filler words
    • 即不要做无用的hedge
  • Remove redundancies
    • 删除含义重复的部分
  • Avoid overusing qualifiers
    • 这往往是使用了过多的副词来修饰形容词
  • Logorrhea
    • 过度的词藻和重复性
    • e.g (Ambiguity and uncertainty)

2. Redundency

表现：

  • Repetition of ideas and/or words that have the same meaning
  • Over-explaining and giving too much unnecessary detail
  • Repetitive sentences and lack of cohesion
  • Use of adjectives and adverbs that don’t add to meaning.
  • Going off-topic.

2.1. Reduced relative clauses

3. passive voice misuse

3.1. 何时用

3.2. 何时不用

  • 总之不要连着用被动语态，试着被动+从句

4. Lexical gap

  • 词的含义没用对（区别于register）

5. canonical ordering

1
Fasten the zip on your long black dress.

(S)+V+X

It can be described as (S) V X, where the Subject (you) in this case is elided, the finite verb, an imperative, is fasten, and everything else is labelled X

它可以被描述为（S）V X，其中主语（你）在本例中被省略，有限动词，即状语，是fasten，其他都被标记为X

总体而言句子里是一种Given to New的趋势

5.1. focus end

It is usual in English for the focus of a sentence to be at the end. This usually works together with the tendency for the first part of the sentence to refer back to given information, leaving the new information until the end.

End focus “is based on the general fact that different parts of utterances have different communicative values … and that normally NEW or important INFORMATION is reserved for the end.”

5.2. 实现方法

  • choice of sentence pattern
  • verb form (active/passive)
  • article usage 冠词使用

5.3. 例子

5.4. 进阶用法: Alternative Structures

It is possible, however, to alter the information sequence, and so shift the information focus.

5.5. end weight

6. Phrasebank

6.1. Introducing Work

必要三点：

  • what the topic is
  • why it is important
  • how the writing is organised.

对于这三点的回应：

  • establishing importance of the topic, reviewing previous work
    • 确立课题的重要性，回顾以前的工作
  • indicating a gap in knowledge
    • 指出知识上的缺失
  • listing purpose of new research, listing questions, stating value, indicating structure of writing
    • 列出新研究的目的，列出问题，说明价值，指出写作的结构

6.1.1. 确立课题的重要性

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
The theory of X provides a useful account of how …
One of the most significant current discussions in X is …
The issue of X has received considerable critical attention.
X has long been a question of great interest in a wide range of fields

# 时间段型
For more than a century, scientists have been interested in the existence of …
The most significant recent developments in this direction have been those of …
The discovery of X in 2006 has triggered a huge amount of innovative scientific inquiry.
During the last decade, the link between X and Y has been at the centre of much attention.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
# 文献历史型
There is a growing body of literature that recognises the importance of …
In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in …

Evidence from a number of experimental studies has established that …
Factors found to be influencing X have been explored in several studies.
Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on …
In previous studies of X, different variables have been found to be related to ...
The first serious discussions and analyses of X emerged during the 1970s with …
There have been a number of longitudinal studies involving X that have reported … 
Xs were reported in the first studies of Y (e.g., Smith, 1977; Smith and Jones, 1977).
What we know about X is largely based upon(derived from) empirical studies that investigate how … 
Smith (1984: 217) shows how, in the past, research into X was mainly concerned with …
Results from earlier studies demonstrate a strong and consistent association between …
There are a large number of published studies (e.g., Smith, 2001; Jones, 2005) that describe …
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
# 问题型
Questions have been raised about the safety of the prolonged use of …
Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
Along with this growth in X, however, there is increasing concern over …
X is increasingly recognised as a serious, worldwide public health concern.
Despite its long clinical success, X is associated with a number of problems.
X and its consequences are an important, but understudied, cause for concern.

accounting for these varying experiences is problematic.
observations have indicated a serious decline in the population of …

# 争议型
Several divergent accounts of X have been proposed, creating numerous controversies.
The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.

6.1.2. 指出知识上的缺失

注意：可能这块都会设计之前的文献，但这块是为了凸显出gap，而前者是为了凸显importance

  • 先前文献的负面影响

  • 先前文献的局限性与不足

1
2
3
However, conflicting results from studies suggest the need for new investigations that …
Previous research findings into X have been inconsistent and contradictory (Smith, 1996; ...).
Some studies have shown the beneficial effects of …, but others have shown a deterioration in …

  • 某一领域的缺失

6.1.3. 说明论点

  • This paper surveys(调查) recent empirical studies on …

  • This paper examines the relationship between …

  • This paper compares the different ways in which …

  • This paper offers a new model for understanding …

  • This paper investigates(研究) the factors that determine …

  • This paper describes the design and implementation of …

  • This paper seeks to remedy(弥补) these problems by analysing the literature of

  • The (primary) aim of this paper is to

    • explore the …
    • trace the history of …
    • assess the claim that …
    • review recent research into the …
    • explore the relationship between …
    • contribute to the understanding of

  • There are two primary aims of this study: 1. To investigate … 2. To ascertain …

  • This study seeks to obtain data which will help to address these research gaps. One purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which these factors were …

  • The purpose of this investigation was to explore the relationship between X and Y.

  • The aim of this research project has therefore been to assess the doses and risks associated with …

6.1.4. 概述短文的结构

  • The main issues addressed in this paper are: a), b) and c).
  • This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
  • This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with …

6.1.5. *给出定义

  • Historically, the term ‘X’ has been used to describe …
  • According to Smith (2002), X can be defined as follows: ‘ … ’
  • In this essay, the term ‘X’ will be used in its broadest sense to refer to all …
  • While a variety of definitions of the term ‘X’ have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as

6.2. Writing Conclusions

  • 第一是总结和归纳写作中涉及的主要领域
  • 第二是对此做出最后的评论或判断。最后的评论还可能包括提出改进建议和猜测未来的方向。

6.2.1. 回顾论文或研究的目的

  • This study set out to …
    • assess the effects of …
    • investigate impact of …
    • better understand the …
  • This study has examined
    • the impact of …
    • the nature of …
    • the differences between …
  • Returning to the question posed at the beginning of this study, it is now possible to state that …

6.2.2. 总结主要的研究结果

1
2
3
This study has shown that ...
The results of this investigation show that ...
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that ...

6.2.3. 解释研究结果的意义或研究的贡献

  • The present study(本研究)
    • has been one of the first attempts to thoroughly examine …
    • appears to be the first study to compare the experiences of …
    • has gone some way towards enhancing our understanding of …
  • These findings contribute in several ways to our understanding of X and provide a basis for …

6.2.4. 评论当前研究的优越性

  • The key strengths of this study are its long duration and …
  • The strengths of the study included the in-depth analysis of …
  • Although the findings should be interpreted with caution, this study has several strengths …
  • One of the strengths of this study is that it represents a comprehensive examination of the whole …

6.2.5. 介绍一下本研究的局限性

1
2
3
4
A number of limitations need to be noted regarding the present study.
Study limitations make an overall conclusion about X extremely difficult.
Several limitations to this pilot(试点) study need to be acknowledged. The sample size is ...
Although the study has successfully demonstrated that ..., it has certain limitations in terms of ...

6.2.6. 在陈述发现或贡献的同时承认限制因素

1
2
3
Notwithstanding these limitations, the study suggests that ...
Whilst this study did not confirm X, it did partially substantiate(证实) ...
Although the current study is based on a small sample of participants, the findings suggest ...

6.2.7. 对实践或政策的影响和建议

1
2
3
4
This information can be used to develop targeted interventions(干预措施) aimed at ...
This study suggests that X should be avoided by people who are prone to(易于) noun/doing…
The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future practice.
An implication(含义) of these findings is that both X and Y should be taken into account when ...